Diabetes - types, symptoms, causes, complications and treatment

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine disease characterized by the inability to absorb the glucose that comes from food and necessary for the nutrition, breathing and metabolism of cell energy. In this case, production or interaction with the pancreatic hormone - insulin is damaged. It is necessary to regulate the quantitative presence of glucose in the bloodstream. With the improper functioning of a glucose pair -nsulin, hyperglycemia is a steady increase in glucose. Metabolism suffers, the work of the kidneys, heart, blood vessels and central nerve systems is disturbed.

Types of diabetes

There are two main types of diabetes, which, although they belong to a group of endocrine diseases, still have differences.

The first type of diabetes (dependent on insulin, minor, inzsd i type)

It is characterized by the fact that for whatever reason the immune system attacks beta pancreas cells (more than 80%), producing insulin. There is no hormone, but glucose is delivered to the body with food constantly. Blood sugar leaves the rate. First -type diabetes is most often detected in childhood or adolescence. But for adults it is not uncommon.

Diabetes second type (Insulin dependent, II II)

Type II diabetes is most often diagnosed in humans after 30-40 years. But the disease is getting younger. In 90 % of cases in patients, excess weight is observed. The body can still produce insulin, but cell sensitivity to insulin decreases (this is called insulin resistance). A wicked circle is born. Cells do not feel insulin, the body produces even more insulin to feed; Glucose cage simply accumulates in the blood, and insulin increases appetite. A person eats, jumps sugar, insulin resistance intensifies.

prediabetes

Here, the glucose level goes beyond the reference values, but you can't even talk about diabetes. The prediabet can become the basis for the development of type II diabetes as well as diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Gestational diabetes is characteristic during pregnancy. Most commonly found in trimester II or III.

Also, the course of the disease varies in severity: light (I), middle (II) and severe (III).

Diabetes. Symptoms

If you do not have the habit of donating blood for glucose once a year, and you do not know the endocrinologist personally from the clinic, there are a number of symptoms that may tell you that it is time to contact a specialist. But we will make a reservation immediately, signs of diabetes manifests if insulin deficiency is already going to a critical point. Therefore, at the moment, the most effective way to detect your sugar level is to donate blood.

Diabetes of the first type

Symptoms of first type diabetes:

Continuous, greedy thirst; dry mouth; frequent urination; apathy and fatigue; greedy hunger; weight loss (average 3-5 kg), which is not related to any action by one person; Problems with the vision (the uncertainty of the picture, as if everything is in the fog).

Diabetes of the second type

Symptoms of second type diabetes are similar to type I diabetes in several parameters: it is thirst, hunger, dry mouth, fatigue, vision problems and frequent toilet stimulation. But this type has its own signs:

numbness and tingling in the arms and legs; Slow wound infections and recurrent infections.

The causes of diabetes

Sadly, scientists cannot name the exact causes of developing diabetes in humans (especially the first type). Poor ecology, an abundance of viral infections and inadequate functioning of the immune system are taken as the basis. Among the causes of diabetes mellitus are usually distinguished:

Hereditary predisposition. Moreover, the risk reaches 10%if the father is ill with first type diabetes, and 2. 5%if the mother. If both parents are diagnosed with type II diabetes, then the child has the risk of this disease as 40 years increases to 65-70%; unbalanced diet with an abundance of carbohydrates; Excess weight (90% of people with type II INZSD have it); lack of physical activity; stress on a continuous basis; prediabet; prolonged use of certain medicines (diuretic, hormonal, salicylate, cytostatic, etc. ); ethnicity (in European race children, the risk of developing the highest type diabetes); History of gestational diabetes; Chronic insufficiency of adrenal cortex.

Complications

This disease is secret, and if you do not observe the doctor's instructions, then complications of diabetes (chronic and acute) may occur, which endanger the work of the whole organism. Chronic complications are observed when a high level of sugar lasts long.

The following chronic complications can be distinguished:

The fragility of blood vessels in the retina (retinopathy) leads to a decrease in visual acuity, early development of cataracts or cause blindness. With diabetes, periodontitis often occurs, leading to teeth loss or heart problems. Also, a variety of infectious diseases of the oral cavity are possible. It is necessary to observe the hygiene well and visit the dentist regularly. Cardiovascular disease is the most common causes of disability and mortality between diabetics. Angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, stroke and others. Lack of observation of cholesterol and glucose levels, increased blood pressure contributes to the development of these complications. Nephropathy, or destruction of blood vessels in the kidney, leads to the failure of the renal function or rejection. Hell control is required. Neuropathy (nerve damage). Most often, the risk of neuropathy is exposed to the feet. The walls of the vessels and nerve fibers are destroyed, the blood flow to the legs worsens. Signs of the development of neuropathy are tingling, pain, crawling or loss of sensitivity. Patients, especially the elderly, usually do not devote the meaning to this, which is fraught with the development of ulcers, infectious diseases and amputation. Neuropathy can affect other body systems (erectile dysfunction, gastrointestinal tract problems, genitourinary system). Diabetes is one of the causes of atherosclerosis, as the vessels become fragile, fragile and increases the risk of a thrombus. Often there is pain in the joints, as diabetes leads to a decrease in the amount of synovial fluid. There is also a high frequency of developing mental disorders.

Acute complications, developing rapidly, are usually associated with blood glucose fluctuations. Low (hypoglycemia) and high (hyperglycemia) leads to crises. The hypoglycemia crisis (3. 9 mmol/l or lower) manifests as a seizure, and hyperglycemic crises are dangerous for the appearance of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar condition. These are emergency and threatening conditions that lead to convulsions, coma and fatal results.

Diagnosis of diabetes

Diagnosis of diabetes is an important step. In an ideal situation, a person must be aware of his glucose level, especially after 45 years. But if it is in danger, then the analysis should be performed more often and you have to do it earlier so that it does not waste precious time.

Diabetes is diagnosed in several ways:

Analysis of glycated hemoglobin. The results of the analysis demonstrate the average level of blood glucose over the past 2-3 months. So you can trace the dynamics; Analysis of glucose in the blood plasma (capillary or venous) in an empty stomach. The audit demonstrates the position of glucose at the moment; The glucot tolerant test is described in suspicious cases. The test lasts long and involves a measurement of glucose levels before and after receiving a glass of water with dissolved glucose; Urine analysis for the presence of glucose and/or acetone. A healthy person is not characterized by the presence of these elements in the urine.

Treatment

When treating type I diabetes mellitus, the main treatment for insulin is the main treatment for insulin, which should be administered daily at a dose prescribed and calculated by the attending physician. You can use special insulin syringes, syringes or insulin pumps, independently calculating the necessary dose of the hormone presented. In certain conditions, it is possible to prescribe medicines for diabetes that stimulate the body to develop their insulin.

In the diabetes of the first species, the insulin of the chip daily, as the transitions are filled with the development of diabetic ketoacidosis, leading to death. Daily Insulin + Proper Food + Physical Activity can provide life without complications.

With type II diabetes, a doctor prescribes the treatment of the drug created to reduce sugar levels and normalize a person's condition. Sometimes it may be necessary for insulin replacement therapy, but there is no need to be taken daily. Diet in diabetes is observed without failing, as well as an increase in physical activity, body weight control.

In the presence of pre-diabetes, examination should be performed once every six months or one year. It is also necessary to get rid of excess weight and switch to dietary nutrition.

With gestational diabetes, it is necessary to carefully monitor the blood glucose level and follow the observational doctor's recommendations. Most often after childbirth, blood sugar returns to normal. But there is a risk of developing diabetes of the second type.

Forecasting and prevention

Diabetes mellitus is a serious endocrine disease that reduces life by 5-10 years, and men die more often than women. Infectious and viral diseases are more severely tolerated. Complications in the background of pneumonia, the flu occur 6 times more often, when compared to statistics from people without diabetes in one story. In healthy people, compared to diabetics, Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia develop less frequently.

But with diabetes you can and you have to fight. Competent management helps them avoid many problems and complications. So, 50-60% of cases of the disease are stabilized and do not progress.

Control and proper prevention of diabetes is:

regular glucose control; Special diet for diabetes; playing moderate fashionable sports; observation of blood pressure and cholesterol; regular visit to the necessary specialists and the surveys undergoing; Taking medication prescribed by a doctor.

Diabetes has not been fully studied, but medicines and a conscious attitude about their lives with this disease will help to live for a long time and without complications.